what country borders central america to the north?

Region of the Americas

Central America

Surface area	521,876 km² (201,497 sq mi)
Population	47,448,336 (2016 guess)
Population density	91/km^two (240/sq mi)
Gdp (nominal)	$203.73 billion (commutation rate) (2013) $370.52 billion (purchasing ability parity) (2013).
GDP per capita	$four,783 (exchange charge per unit) (2013) $8,698 (purchasing ability parity) (2013).
Demonym	Central American
Countries	Belize Costa rica El Salvador Republic of guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama
Dependencies	Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (belonging to Republic of colombia)
Languages	Castilian English Mayan languages Garifuna Kriol other languages of Mesoamerica
Time zones	UTC -6:00 to UTC -5:00
Largest cities	Guatemala City San Salvador Managua Tegucigalpa Panama City San Pedro Sula San José San Miguelito Santa Ana San Miguel
United nations M49 code	`013` – Central America `419` – Latin America `019` – Americas `001` – World

Central America (Spanish: América Central, pronounced [aˈmeɾika senˈtɾal] ( listen ), Centroamérica pronounced [sentɾoaˈmeɾika] ( listen )) is a region of the Americas.^[ane] Information technology is bordered by United mexican states to the north, Republic of colombia to the south, the Caribbean area Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Central America consists of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, Republic of el salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. Their combined population is estimated at 44.53 million (2016).^[ii]

Central America is the southern portion of the continent of N America. It is besides a part of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot, which extends from northern Guatemala to central Panama. Due to the presence of several active geologic faults and the Central America Volcanic Arc, in that location is a neat deal of seismic activity in the region, such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, which has resulted in death, injury and belongings impairment.

In the Pre-Columbian era, Central America was inhabited by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica to the north and w and the Isthmo-Colombian peoples to the south and eastward. Following the Spanish trek of Christopher Columbus' voyages to the Americas, Kingdom of spain began to colonize the Americas. From 1609 to 1821, the majority of Central American territories (except for what would become Belize and Panama, and including the modern Mexican country of Chiapas) were governed past the viceroyalty of New Kingdom of spain from Mexico City as the Captaincy General of Guatemala. On 24 August 1821, Spanish Viceroy Juan de O'Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba, which established New Spain'due south independence from Kingdom of spain.^[3] On 15 September 1821, the Act of Independence of Central America was enacted to denote Central America's separation from the Spanish Empire and provide for the establishment of a new Fundamental American state. Some of New Espana'due south provinces in the Central American region (i.due east. what would get Guatemala, Honduras, Republic of el salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica) were annexed to the First Mexican Empire; however, in 1823 they seceded from United mexican states to class the Federal Commonwealth of Central America until 1838.^[iv]

In 1838, Nicaragua, Republic of honduras, Costa Rica and Republic of guatemala became the first of Primal America's seven states to become independent autonomous countries, followed past El Salvador in 1841, Panama in 1903 and Belize in 1981^[five] Despite the dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America, countries like El salvador, Costa rica, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua continue to maintain a Fundamental American identity^{[ citation needed ]}. Castilian speaking countries officially refer to both Due north and South America, every bit a single supercontinent, or simply a continent, called "América", which is split in three regions or subcontinents called North, Central and S America, this is why many Centralamerican countries include "América Primal" in their countries official Coat of Arms and full proper name. Belizeans are usually identified as culturally West Indian rather than Fundamental American, while Panamanians identify themselves more than broadly with their S American neighbours.^[six]

Different definitions [edit]

"Central America" may mean dissimilar things to diverse people, based upon different contexts:

The United Nations geoscheme for the Americas defines Central America equally all states of mainland N America due south of the United states and specifically includes all of United mexican states.^[vii]
Middle America is usually thought to comprise Mexico to the north of the vii states of Central America as well equally Colombia and Venezuela to the due south. Usually, the whole of the Caribbean area to the northeast, and sometimes the Guyanas, are also included.
Co-ordinate to ane source, the term "Central America" was used every bit a synonym for "Middle America" at least as recently every bit 1962.^[eight]
In Ibero-America (Spanish and Portuguese speaking American countries), the Americas is considered a single continent (America), and Central America is considered a subregion of the continent comprising the 7 countries south of United mexican states and north of Colombia.^{[ citation needed ]}
For the people living in the v countries, formerly function of the Federal Republic of Central America in that location is a distinction between the Spanish language terms "América Cardinal" and "Centroamérica". While both tin can be translated into English as "Central America", "América Key" is mostly used to refer to the geographical area of the seven countries between Mexico and Colombia, while "Centroamérica" is used when referring to the old members of the Federation emphasizing the shared culture and history of the region.^{[ citation needed ]}
In Portuguese equally a rule and occasionally in Spanish and other languages, the entirety of the Antilles is often included in the definition of Central America. Indeed, the Dominican Republic is a full member of the Fundamental American Integration Arrangement.^{[ citation needed ]}

History [edit]

Ancient sites of Central America

Central America was formed more than 3 million years ago, as office of the Isthmus of Panama, when its portion of state connected each side of water.

In the Pre-Columbian era, the northern areas of Central America were inhabited by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica. Most notable among these were the Mayans, who had built numerous cities throughout the region, and the Aztecs, who had created a vast empire. The pre-Columbian cultures of eastern El salvador, eastern Honduras, Caribbean Nicaragua, most of Costa rica and Panama were predominantly speakers of the Chibchan languages at the time of European contact and are considered by some^[9] culturally different and grouped in the Isthmo-Colombian Area.

Following the Spanish expedition of Christopher Columbus's voyages to the Americas, the Spanish sent many expeditions to the region, and they began their conquest of Maya territory in 1523. Before long after the conquest of the Aztec Empire, Spanish conqueror Pedro de Alvarado commenced the conquest of northern Primal America for the Spanish Empire. First with his arrival in Soconusco in 1523, Alvarado's forces systematically conquered and subjugated most of the major Maya kingdoms, including the K'iche', Tz'utujil, Pipil, and the Kaqchikel. By 1528, the conquest of Guatemala was nearly complete, with only the Petén Basin remaining outside the Spanish sphere of influence. The last independent Maya kingdoms – the Kowoj and the Itza people – were finally defeated in 1697, equally part of the Spanish conquest of Petén.^[x]

In 1538, Spain established the Real Audiencia of Panama, which had jurisdiction over all land from the Strait of Magellan to the Gulf of Fonseca. This entity was dissolved in 1543, and most of the territory inside Central America so fell under the jurisdiction of the Audiencia Real de Guatemala. This area included the current territories of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Republic of guatemala, Republic of honduras, Nicaragua, and the Mexican country of Chiapas, but excluded the lands that would become Belize and Panama. The president of the Audiencia, which had its seat in Antigua Guatemala, was the governor of the entire surface area. In 1609 the area became a captaincy general and the governor was also granted the championship of captain general. The Captaincy General of Guatemala encompassed most of Central America, with the exception of present-solar day Belize and Panama.

The Captaincy General of Guatemala lasted for more than two centuries, but began to fray after a rebellion in 1811 which began in the Intendancy of San Salvador. The Captaincy General formally ended on fifteen September 1821, with the signing of the Act of Independence of Central America. Mexican independence was accomplished at most the aforementioned fourth dimension with the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba and the Announcement of Independence of the Mexican Empire, and the entire region was finally independent from Castilian authority by 28 September 1821.

From its independence from Spain in 1821 until 1823, the former Captaincy General remained intact equally office of the short-lived Start Mexican Empire. When the Emperor of Mexico abdicated on 19 March 1823, Cardinal America again became independent. On 1 July 1823, the Congress of Central America peacefully seceded from United mexican states and declared absolute independence from all strange nations, and the region formed the Federal Republic of Key America.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Federal Republic of Cardinal America was a representative commonwealth with its uppercase at Guatemala City. This union consisted of the provinces of Republic of costa rica, Republic of el salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Los Altos, Mosquito Coast, and Nicaragua. The lowlands of southwest Chiapas, including Soconusco, initially belonged to the Commonwealth until 1824, when United mexican states annexed nigh of Chiapas and began its claims to Soconusco. The Republic lasted from 1823 to 1838, when it disintegrated equally a result of ceremonious wars.^{[ citation needed ]}

Historic Glaze of Artillery of Central American Unions
The United Provinces of Central America
National Representation of Primal America

Coat of Arms of modern Cardinal America

The territory that now makes upward Belize was heavily contested in a dispute that connected for decades after Republic of guatemala achieved independence (see History of Belize (1506–1862). Spain, and later Guatemala, considered this land a Guatemalan section. In 1862, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland formally declared information technology a British colony and named information technology British Honduras. It became contained every bit Belize in 1981.^[5]

Panama, situated in the southernmost part of Central America on the Isthmus of Panama, has for most of its history been culturally and politically linked to South America. Panama was part of the Province of Tierra Firme from 1510 until 1538 when information technology came under the jurisdiction of the newly formed Audiencia Real de Panama. Beginning in 1543, Panama was administered as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, along with all other Spanish possessions in Southward America. Panama remained every bit role of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1739, when it was transferred to the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the capital of which was located at Santa Fé de Bogotá. Panama remained as office of the Viceroyalty of New Granada until the disestablishment of that viceroyalty in 1819. A series of war machine and political struggles took place from that time until 1822, the result of which produced the republic of Gran Colombia. Afterward the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830, Panama became part of a successor state, the Republic of New Granada. From 1855 until 1886, Panama existed as Panama State, offset within the Republic of New Granada, and so within the Granadine Confederation, and finally within the The states of Colombia. The Us of Republic of colombia was replaced by the Republic of Colombia in 1886. Equally role of the Commonwealth of Colombia, Panama Land was abolished and it became the Isthmus Department. Despite the many political reorganizations, Colombia was even so deeply plagued past conflict, which eventually led to the secession of Panama on 3 Nov 1903. Only subsequently that time did some begin to regard Panama equally a Northward or Primal American entity.^{[ citation needed ]}

By the 1930s the United Fruit Company owned xiv,000 foursquare kilometres (iii.five one thousand thousand acres) of land in Primal America and the Caribbean and was the single largest land owner in Guatemala. Such holdings gave it swell power over the governments of pocket-sized countries. That was one of the factors that led to the coining of the phrase assistant commonwealth.^[xi]

Afterwards more than two hundred years of social unrest, violent conflict, and revolution, Central America today remains in a flow of political transformation. Poverty, social injustice, and violence are still widespread.^[12] Nicaragua is the second poorest land in the western hemisphere (simply Haiti is poorer).^[13]

Geography [edit]

The vii countries of Key America and their capitals

Fundamental America is a part of North America consisting of a tapering isthmus running from the southern extent of Mexico to the northwestern portion of South America. Central America has the Gulf of Mexico, a body of water within the Atlantic Ocean, to the north; the Caribbean Bounding main, also office of the Atlantic Body of water, to the northeast; and the Pacific Body of water to the southwest. Some physiographists define the Isthmus of Tehuantepec every bit the northern geographic border of Central America,^[14] while others use the northwestern borders of Belize and Guatemala. From there, the Cardinal American land mass extends southeastward to the Atrato River, where information technology connects to the Pacific Lowlands in northwestern South America.

Of the many mountain ranges within Central America, the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, the Cordillera Isabelia and the Cordillera de Talamanca. At 4,220 meters (13,850 ft), Volcán Tajumulco is the highest meridian in Key America. Other high points of Cardinal America are every bit listed in the table beneath:

Loftier points in Central America
Land	Proper noun	Acme (meters)	Range
Belize	Doyle's Delight	1,124	Cockscomb Range
Costa Rica	Cerro Chirripó	3,820	Cordillera de Talamanca
El Salvador	Cerro El Pital	2,730	Sierra Madre de Chiapas
Guatemala	Volcán Tajumulco	4,220	Sierra Madre de Chiapas
Republic of honduras	Cerro Las Minas	ii,780	Cordillera de Celaque
Nicaragua	Mogotón	ii,107	Cordillera Isabelia
Panama	Volcán Barú	3,474	Cordillera de Talamanca

Central America geography

Between the mount ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the raising of livestock and for the production of java, tobacco, beans and other crops. Most of the population of Honduras, Costa Rica and Guatemala lives in valleys.^[15]

Trade winds have a significant issue upon the climate of Central America. Temperatures in Central America are highest just prior to the summer wet season, and are everyman during the wintertime dry flavour, when merchandise winds contribute to a cooler climate. The highest temperatures occur in April, due to college levels of sunlight, lower deject cover and a decrease in trade winds.^[16]

Biodiversity [edit]

El Chorreron in Republic of el salvador

Central America is office of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot, boasting 7% of the world'southward biodiversity.^[17] The Pacific Flyway is a major n–south flyway for migratory birds in the Americas, extending from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego. Due to the funnel-similar shape of its land mass, migratory birds can be seen in very high concentrations in Cardinal America, particularly in the leap and fall. Equally a span between North America and South America, Primal America has many species from the Nearctic and the Neotropical realms. However the southern countries (Republic of costa rica and Panama) of the region have more biodiversity than the northern countries (Guatemala and Belize), meanwhile the central countries (Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador) take the least biodiversity.^[17] The table below shows contempo statistics:

Biodiversity in Key America (number of dissimilar species of terrestrial vertebrate animals and vascular plants)
Country	Amphibian species	Bird species	Mammal species	Reptile species	Total terrestrial vertebrate species	Vascular plants species	Biodiversity
Belize^[18]	46	544	147	140	877	2894	3771
Costa Rica^[19]	183	838	232	258	1511	12119	13630
El Salvador^[20]	30	434	137	106	707	2911	3618
Guatemala^[21]	133	684	193	236	1246	8681	9927
Honduras^[22]	101	699	201	213	1214	5680	6894
Nicaragua^[23]	61	632	181	178	1052	7590	8642
Panama^[24]	182	904	241	242	1569	9915	11484

Fundamental American forests

Over 300 species of the region's flora and fauna are threatened, 107 of which are classified every bit critically endangered. The underlying problems are deforestation, which is estimated by FAO at i.2% per yr in Central America and Mexico combined, fragmentation of rainforests and the fact that 80% of the vegetation in Central America has already been converted to agronomics.^[25]

Efforts to protect fauna and flora in the region are made by creating ecoregions and nature reserves. 36% of Belize's land territory falls under some grade of official protected condition, giving Belize one of the near extensive systems of terrestrial protected areas in the Americas. In add-on, 13% of Belize's marine territory are also protected.^[26] A large coral reef extends from Mexico to Republic of honduras: the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef Organization. The Belize Barrier Reef is part of this. The Belize Bulwark Reef is home to a large diversity of plants and animals, and is one of the most diverse ecosystems of the earth. Information technology is habitation to seventy hard coral species, 36 soft coral species, 500 species of fish and hundreds of invertebrate species. So far merely nigh ten% of the species in the Belize barrier reef have been discovered.^[27]

Flora [edit]

National flowers of Primal America

From 2001 to 2010, 5,376 foursquare kilometers (2,076 sq mi) of forest were lost in the region. In 2010 Belize had 63% of remaining forest cover, Costa Rica 46%, Panama 45%, Honduras 41%, Guatemala 37%, Nicaragua 29%, and El Salvador 21%. Most of the loss occurred in the moist woods biome, with 12,201 square kilometers (4,711 sq mi). Woody vegetation loss was partially prepare off by a gain in the coniferous forest biome with four,730 square kilometers (ane,830 sq mi), and a proceeds in the dry woods biome at 2,054 square kilometers (793 sq mi). Mangroves and deserts contributed only 1% to the loss in forest vegetation. The majority of the deforestation was located at the Caribbean slopes of Nicaragua with a loss of 8,574 square kilometers (3,310 sq mi) of woods in the catamenia from 2001 to 2010. The most meaning regrowth of 3,050 square kilometers (1,180 sq mi) of forest was seen in the coniferous woody vegetation of Honduras.^[28]

The Central American pine-oak forests ecoregion, in the tropical and subtropical coniferous forests biome, is establish in Central America and southern Mexico. The Central American pine-oak forests occupy an surface area of 111,400 square kilometers (43,000 sq mi),^[29] extending forth the mountainous spine of Fundamental America, extending from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas in Mexico's Chiapas state through the highlands of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Republic of honduras to primal Nicaragua. The pine-oak forests lie between 600–1,800 metres (2,000–v,900 ft) elevation,^[29] and are surrounded at lower elevations past tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests. College elevations to a higher place ane,800 metres (5,900 ft) are ordinarily covered with Primal American montane forests. The Primal American pine-oak forests are equanimous of many species feature of temperate North America including oak, pine, fir, and cypress.

Laurel wood is the well-nigh common type of Central American temperate evergreen deject woods, plant in nearly all Central American countries, normally more than 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) above bounding main level. Tree species include evergreen oaks, members of the laurel family, and species of Weinmannia, Drimys, and Magnolia.^[thirty] The cloud forest of Sierra de las Minas, Guatemala, is the largest in Central America. In some areas of southeastern Honduras at that place are deject forests, the largest located most the border with Nicaragua. In Nicaragua, cloud forests are situated virtually the border with Honduras, but many were cleared to grow java. There are still some temperate evergreen hills in the due north. The only cloud forest in the Pacific coastal zone of Fundamental America is on the Mombacho volcano in Nicaragua. In Costa Rica, at that place are laurel forests in the Cordillera de Tilarán and Volcán Arenal, called Monteverde, also in the Cordillera de Talamanca.

The Central American montane forests are an ecoregion of the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome, equally defined by the Earth Wild fauna Fund.^[31] These forests are of the moist deciduous and the semi-evergreen seasonal subtype of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests and receive high overall rainfall with a warm summertime moisture flavor and a cooler winter dry season. Central American montane forests consist of forest patches located at altitudes ranging from 1,800–four,000 metres (5,900–13,100 ft), on the summits and slopes of the highest mountains in Central America ranging from Southern Mexico, through Guatemala, El salvador, and Honduras, to northern Nicaragua. The unabridged ecoregion covers an surface area of xiii,200 foursquare kilometers (5,100 sq mi) and has a temperate climate with relatively loftier atmospheric precipitation levels.^[31]

Fauna [edit]

Legendary National Birds of Key America

Ecoregions are not only established to protect the forests themselves but as well considering they are habitats for an incomparably rich and often owned fauna. About one-half of the bird population of the Talamancan montane forests in Costa Rica and Panama are endemic to this region. Several birds are listed as threatened, most notably the resplendent quetzal (Pharomacrus mocinno), three-wattled bellbird (Procnias tricarunculata), blank-necked umbrellabird (Cephalopterus glabricollis), and black guan (Chamaepetes unicolor). Many of the amphibians are endemic and depend on the existence of forest. The gilt toad that in one case inhabited a small region in the Monteverde Reserve, which is part of the Talamancan montane forests, has not been seen alive since 1989 and is listed equally extinct by IUCN. The exact causes for its extinction are unknown. Global warming may have played a role, because the development of that frog is typical for this surface area may have been compromised. Seven pocket-sized mammals are endemic to the Costa Rica-Chiriqui highlands within the Talamancan montane forest region. Jaguars, cougars, spider monkeys, as well equally tapirs, and anteaters live in the woods of Central America.^[xxx] The Key American red brocket is a brocket deer found in Central America'due south tropical forest.

Geology [edit]

Fundamental American Geology

Central America is geologically very active, with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occurring frequently, and tsunamis occurring occasionally. Many thousands of people have died as a event of these natural disasters.

Well-nigh of Central America rests atop the Caribbean Plate. This tectonic plate converges with the Cocos, Nazca, and N American plates to form the Middle America Trench, a major subduction zone. The Center America Trench is situated some 60–160 kilometers (37–99 mi) off the Pacific coast of Central America and runs roughly parallel to information technology. Many large earthquakes have occurred as a consequence of seismic action at the Centre America Trench.^[32] For example, subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the Northward American Plate at the Centre America Trench is believed to have acquired the 1985 United mexican states City earthquake that killed as many equally forty,000 people. Seismic activity at the Middle America Trench is as well responsible for earthquakes in 1902, 1942, 1956, 1982, 1992, January 2001, February 2001, 2007, 2012, 2014, and many other earthquakes throughout Central America.

The Middle America Trench is not the only source of seismic activity in Primal America. The Motagua Fault is an onshore continuation of the Cayman Trough which forms part of the tectonic boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate. This transform fault cuts right across Guatemala and and so continues offshore until it merges with the Middle America Trench forth the Pacific coast of Mexico, near Acapulco. Seismic activity at the Motagua Fault has been responsible for earthquakes in 1717, 1773, 1902, 1976, 1980, and 2009.

Another onshore continuation of the Cayman Trough is the Chixoy-Polochic Fault, which runs parallel to, and roughly 80 kilometers (l mi) to the north, of the Motagua Fault. Though less agile than the Motagua Error, seismic activity at the Chixoy-Polochic Fault is still thought to exist capable of producing very large earthquakes, such every bit the 1816 earthquake of Republic of guatemala.^[33]

Managua, the capital of Nicaragua, was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972.

Volcanic eruptions are also mutual in Central America. In 1968 the Arenal Volcano, in Costa Rica, erupted killing 87 people equally the 3 villages of Tabacon, Pueblo Nuevo and San Luis were buried under pyroclastic flows and debris. Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lava have fabricated it possible to sustain dumbo populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas.

Demographics [edit]

The population of Central America is estimated at 47,448,333 equally of 2018.^[34] ^[35] With an area of 523,780 square kilometers (202,230 sq mi),^[36] it has a population density of 91 per square kilometer (240/sq mi). Human being Development Index values are from the estimates for 2017.^[37]

Countries of Key America
Country	Area (km^two)^[38]	Population (2018 est.)^[34] ^[35]	Population density (per km²)	Capital	Official linguistic communication	Human Evolution Alphabetize
Belize	22,966	383,071	13	Belmopan	English	0.708 High
Costa Rica	51,100	4,999,441	82	San José	Spanish	0.794 High
Republic of el salvador	21,041	6,420,746	292	San Salvador	Spanish	0.674 Medium
Guatemala	108,889	17,247,849	129	Guatemala City	Spanish	0.650 Medium
Honduras	112,090	9,587,522	67	Tegucigalpa	Castilian	0.617 Medium
Nicaragua	130,370	half-dozen,465,501	44	Managua	Spanish	0.658 Medium
Panama	75,420	4,176,869	44	Panama City	Spanish	0.789 High
Full	521,876	47,448,333	fourscore	-	-	0.699

Largest metropolitan areas in Primal America
City	Country	Population	Demography Yr	% of National population
(ane) Republic of guatemala Metropolis	Republic of guatemala	5,700,000	2010	26%
(two) San Salvador	El Salvador	2,415,217	2009	39%
(iii) Managua	Nicaragua	2,045,000	2012	34%
(4) Tegucigalpa	Republic of honduras	1,819,000	2010	24%
(5) San Pedro Sula	Honduras	ane,600,000	2010	21%+four
(half dozen) Panama City	Panama	ane,400,000	2010	37%
(7) San José	Costa Rica	ane,275,000	2013	thirty%

Languages [edit]

The official linguistic communication majority in all Central American countries is Spanish, except in Belize, where the official language is English. Mayan languages institute a language family consisting of about 26 related languages. Guatemala formally recognized 21 of these in 1996. Xinca, Miskito, and Garifuna are also present in Key America.

Languages in Central America (2010)
Rank	Countries	Population	% Spanish	% Mayan languages	% English language	% Xinca	% Garifuna
one	Guatemala	17,284,000	64.seven%	34.three%	0.0%	0.vii%	0.iii%
ii	Honduras	eight,447,000	97.one%	2.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.ix%
3	El Salvador	half dozen,108,000	99.0%	1.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
4	Nicaragua	vi,028,000	87.4%	seven.one%	v.5%	0.0%	0.0%
5	Costa Rica	4,726,000	97.2%	1.eight%	1.0%	0.0%	0.0%
6	Panamá	iii,652,000	86.8%	0.0%	4.0%	0.0%	0.0%
vii	Belize	408,867	34.1%	eight.ix%	57.0%	0.0%	ii.0%

Indigenous groups [edit]

Central America map of indigenous people before European contact

This region of the continent is very rich in terms of ethnic groups. The majority of the population is mestizo, with sizable Mayan and African descendent populations present, including Xinca and Garifuna minorities. The immigration of Arabs, Jews, Chinese, Europeans and others brought additional groups to the area.

Ethnic groups in Key America (2010)
Country	Population ¹	% Amerindian	% White	% Mestizo/Mixed	% African descendent	% Other
Belize	324,528	6.3%	five.0%	49.6%	32.0%	4.one%
Costa rica	4,301,712	four.0%	65.viii%	13.viii%	seven.2%	nine.0%
El salvador	6,340,889	i.0%	12.0%	86.0%	0.0%	i.0%
Guatemala	15,700,000	42.0%	4.0%	53.0%	0.ii%	0.eight%
Honduras	8,143,564	6.0%	v.5%	82.0%	vi.0%	0.v%
Nicaragua	v,815,500	five.0%	17.0%	69.0%	nine.0%	0.0%
Panama	3,474,562	6.0%	x.0%	65.0%	fourteen.0%	five.0%
Total	42,682,190	10.04%	17.04%	59.77%	9.77%	2.91%

Religious groups [edit]

The predominant faith in Central America is Christianity (95.6%).^[39] Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Fundamental America in the 16th century, Roman Catholicism became the almost pop religion in the region until the first one-half of the 20th century. Since the 1960s, there has been an increment in other Christian groups, peculiarly Protestantism, likewise equally other religious organizations, and individuals identifying themselves as having no faith.^[40]

Country	Roman Catholicism (2020)	Protestantism (2020)	Other Christian (2020)	Non Affiliated (2020)	Other (2020)
Belize	47.4%	34.5%	seven.1%	6.eight%	3.2%
Costa rica	72.5%	xix.5%	ii.4%	iv.5%	1.i%
El Salvador	55.8%	35.3%	3.vi%	5.0%	0.iii%
Guatemala	55.4%	25.9%	14.3%	4.0%	0.four%
Republic of honduras	64.9%	29.1%	ii.2%	three.1%	0.vii%
Nicaragua	58.iii%	36.7%	1.4%	3.4%	0.1%
Panama	66.1%	23.9%	1.eight%	4.2%	3.0%

Source: Jason Mandrik, Operation Globe Statistics (2020).

Protestantism in Central America likewise include Contained Christian, most of full Protestants in this region (+80%) are Evangelicals, the rest follow traditional beliefs.
Other Christian include Other Traditional Churches (Orthodox, Epicospalian, etc.) and contemporany churches (Mormons, Adventists, Scientology, etc.), also include Not-denominational Christian who are the most numerous group, specially in Guatemala.

Civilization [edit]

Primal American fine art

Central American music
Central American cuisine
List of cuisines of the Americas – Central American cuisine

Sport [edit]

Key American Games
Fundamental American and Caribbean Games
- 1926 Fundamental American and Caribbean Games – the commencement time this issue occurred
Central American Football game Union
Surfing

Politics [edit]

Integration [edit]

Sistema de Integración Centroamericana Central American Integration Arrangement
Glaze of arms
Motto:"Peace, Development, Liberty and Democracy"
Anthem:La Granadera
Countries	Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Republic of guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Dominican Commonwealth
Area
• Total	560,988 km^two (216,599 sq mi)
Population
• Approximate	l,807,778

Central America is currently undergoing a process of political, economic and cultural transformation that started in 1907 with the creation of the Central American Courtroom of Justice.

In 1951 the integration process continued with the signature of the San Salvador Treaty, which created the ODECA, the Organization of Central American States. Even so, the unity of the ODECA was limited by conflicts betwixt several member states.

In 1991, the integration calendar was further advanced by the cosmos of the Central American Integration System (Sistema para la Integración Centroamericana, or SICA). SICA provides a clear legal basis to avoid disputes betwixt the member states. SICA membership includes the 7 nations of Central America plus the Dominican Republic, a land that is traditionally considered part of the Caribbean area.

On 6 December 2008, SICA announced an agreement to pursue a common currency and mutual passport for the member nations.^[41] No timeline for implementation was discussed.

Cardinal America already has several supranational institutions such as the Central American Parliament, the Fundamental American Bank for Economic Integration and the Central American Mutual Market.

On 22 July 2011, President Mauricio Funes of El Salvador became the beginning president pro tempore to SICA. El salvador also became the headquarters of SICA with the inauguration of a new edifice.^[42]

Foreign relations [edit]

Until recently,^{[ when? ]} all Central American countries accept maintained diplomatic relations with Taiwan instead of China. President Óscar Arias of Costa rica, however, established diplomatic relations with China in 2007, severing formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan.^[43] Subsequently breaking off relations with the Republic of China in 2017, Panama established diplomatic relations with the People'south Republic of China. In August 2018, El salvador too severed ties with Taiwan to formally start recognizing the People's republic of china as sole Cathay, a motion many considered lacked transparency due to its abruptness and reports of the Chinese government's desires to invest in the section of La Wedlock while also promising to fund the ruling party'southward reelection campaign.^[44] The President of Republic of el salvador, Nayib Bukele, broke diplomatic relations with Taiwan and established ties with China.

Parliament [edit]

The Key American Parliament (besides known as PARLACEN) is a political and parliamentary body of SICA. The parliament started around 1980, and its primary goal was to resolve conflicts in Nicaragua, Guatemala, and Republic of el salvador. Although the group was disbanded in 1986, ideas of unity of Primal Americans still remained, so a treaty was signed in 1987 to create the Central American Parliament and other political bodies. Its original members were Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Republic of honduras. The parliament is the political organ of Central America, and is office of SICA. New members have since and so joined including Panama and the Dominican Republic.

Costa rica is not a member State of the Central American Parliament and its adhesion remains as a very unpopular topic at all levels of the Costa Rican society due to existing strong political criticism towards the regional parliament, since it is regarded by Costa Ricans as a menace to democratic accountability and effectiveness of integration efforts. Excessively loftier salaries for its members, legal immunity of jurisdiction from any member Country, corruption, lack of a bounden nature and effectiveness of the regional parliament'south decisions, high operative costs and immediate membership of Central American Presidents once they leave their office and presidential terms, are the most mutual reasons invoked by Costa Ricans against the Fundamental American Parliament.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Economy [edit]

Federal Republic of Central America, 4 Escudos (1835). Struck in the San Jose, Costa rica mint (697 were minted)

Secretariat of Central American Economic Integration

Signed in 2004, the Central American Free Trade Understanding (CAFTA) is an agreement between the United States, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic. The treaty is aimed at promoting free trade among its members.

Guatemala has the largest economy in the region.^[45] ^[46] Its main exports are coffee, sugar, bananas, petroleum, clothing, and cardamom. Of its 10.29 billion dollar almanac exports,^[47] 40.2% become to the U.s., 11.1% to neighboring El Salvador, 8% to Honduras, 5.5% to Mexico, 4.7% to Nicaragua, and four.three% to Republic of costa rica.^[48]

The region is specially attractive for companies (especially clothing companies) because of its geographical proximity to the United States, very low wages and considerable tax advantages. In improver, the reject in the prices of coffee and other export products and the structural adjustment measures promoted by the international financial institutions take partly ruined agronomics, favouring the emergence of maquiladoras. This sector accounts for 42 per cent of total exports from El Salvador, 55 per cent from Guatemala, and 65 per cent from Honduras. Still, its contribution to the economies of these countries is disputed; raw materials are imported, jobs are precarious and low-paid, and revenue enhancement exemptions weaken public finances.^[49]

They are also criticised for the working weather of employees: insults and physical violence, calumniating dismissals (peculiarly of pregnant workers), working hours, non-payment of overtime. According to Lucrecia Bautista, coordinator of the maquilas sector of the inspect firm Coverco, labour law regulations are regularly violated in maquilas and there is no political volition to enforce their application. In the instance of infringements, the labour inspectorate shows remarkable leniency. Information technology is a question of not discouraging investors. Trade unionists are subject to pressure, and sometimes to kidnapping or murder. In some cases, business leaders accept used the services of the maras. Finally, black lists containing the names of trade unionists or political activists are circulating in employers' circles.^[49]

Economic growth in Central America is projected to slow slightly in 2014–15, as state-specific domestic factors kickoff the positive effects from stronger economic activity in the U.s.a..^[50]

**Economic system size for Central American countries per Gross domestic product**
Country	Gdp (nominal)^[45] ^[a]	Gross domestic product (nominal) per capita^[51] ^[52]	Gdp (PPP)^[46] ^[a]
Belize	i,552	$iv,602	2,914
Costa Rica	44,313	$10,432	57,955
El salvador	24,421	$3,875	46,050
Guatemala	l,303	$three,512	78,012
Honduras	eighteen,320	$2,323	37,408
Nicaragua	7,695	$1,839	19,827
Panama	34,517	$10,838	55,124

Tourism [edit]

Central American coast

Tourism in Belize has grown considerably in more contempo times, and information technology is at present the second largest industry in the nation. Belizean Prime number Minister Dean Barrow has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the state.^[53] The growth in tourism has positively affected the agricultural, commercial, and finance industries, as well equally the construction industry. The results for Belize's tourism-driven economy accept been meaning, with the nation welcoming nigh one one thousand thousand tourists in a calendar year for the starting time time in its history in 2012.^[54] Belize is besides the merely country in Cardinal America with English as its official language, making this country a comfortable destination for English language-speaking tourists.^[55]

Costa Rica is the most visited nation in Cardinal America.^[56] Tourism in Costa rica is one of the fastest growing economic sectors of the country,^[57] having become the largest source of foreign acquirement by 1995.^[58] Since 1999, tourism has earned more foreign exchange than bananas, pineapples and coffee exports combined.^[59] The tourism boom began in 1987,^[58] with the number of visitors up from 329,000 in 1988, through 1.03 million in 1999, to a historical record of two.43 million foreign visitors and $1.92-billion in revenue in 2013.^[56] In 2012 tourism contributed with 12.v% of the country's GDP and it was responsible for xi.vii% of direct and indirect employment.^[60]

Tourism in Nicaragua has grown considerably recently, and it is now the second largest manufacture in the nation. Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country.^[61] The growth in tourism has positively affected the agricultural, commercial, and finance industries, every bit well as the construction manufacture. The results for Nicaragua'south tourism-driven economy have been meaning, with the nation welcoming one million tourists in a calendar twelvemonth for the first time in its history in 2010.^[62]

Send [edit]

Primal American license plates

Roads [edit]

The Inter-American Highway is the Fundamental American department of the Pan-American Highway, and spans 5,470 kilometers (3,400 mi) between Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, and Panama City, Panama. Considering of the 87 kilometers (54 mi) break in the highway known as the Darién Gap, information technology is not possible to cantankerous between Key America and South America in an automobile.

Waterways [edit]

See also: Category:Water transport in Belize, Category:Water send in Costa Rica, Category:H2o transport in Republic of guatemala, Category:Water transport in Republic of honduras, Category:Water transport in Nicaragua, Category:Water transport in Panama, Listing of rivers of Belize, List of rivers of Costa rica, Listing of rivers of Republic of el salvador, List of rivers of Republic of guatemala, List of rivers of Honduras, List of rivers of Nicaragua, List of rivers of Panama, Ecocanal, Nicaragua Canal, and Panama Culvert

Ports and harbors [edit]

Airports [edit]

Railways [edit]

The urban center rails in La Ceiba, Honduras is one of the few remaining rider train services in Central America

Education [edit]

Listing of compages schools in Central America
List of universities in Belize
List of universities in Costa Rica
List of universities in Republic of el salvador
List of universities in Guatemala
List of universities in Honduras
Listing of universities in Nicaragua
Listing of universities in Panama

Notes [edit]

^ ^a ^b Values listed in millions USD.

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

American Heritage Dictionaries, Fundamental America.
Central America. Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online^{[ permanent expressionless link ]} . 2006. New York: Columbia University Printing.
Hernández, Consuelo (2009). Reconstruyendo a Centroamérica a través de la poesía. Voces y perspectivas en la poesia latinoamericana del siglo XX. Madrid: Visor.

Central America Video Links from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Diplomacy Digital Archives
Cardinal America country pages^{[ permanent dead link ]}
Teaching Cardinal America

wilsonkinesen.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America#:~:text=It%20is%20bordered%20by%20Mexico,Pacific%20Ocean%20to%20the%20west.